project1.txt
project1.txt - - - - airwell1.gif, v5-20-06 4pm, info gathered to its construction. A branch of dew5-06\read-mr4.txt
focus of project1.txt is 5-06\g1 pics only, the four.
how to study:
1.collect data, 2.mix info, 3.text resulting ideas
3.break idea into parts, un-mix words, 1.explain parts.
key words:
dehumidifer condenser, airwell dewpond fog-fence, evaporate condense air-condition car-parts refridgeration concept ,thermally-insulated radiative ,specific heat , latent condensation heat, joules gram,collector, polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium-oxide, maximum-yield, faces west,morning-time, atmospheric-temperature, is closest to the dew-point, July-December
key concepts or principle:
-substrate can be cooled to various degrees by radiation or conduction,
-t17-z50 priciple and conclusion?
a big heap of stones would do the same thing
- how does vicktor schauberger concepts relate?
-t17-z51 sun-heated suction pipes.
-Two main forms of dew condensers have been developed. t17-z52-z56
1.massive and 2.light weight, thermally insulated radiative condensers that radiate heat quickly.
-t17-z53
massive dew collectors,"produce very high specific heat to maintain their temperature as constant as possible despite latent condensation heat levels" (2500 Joules per gram at 20� C),
exchanges between the foundation? and the atmosphere... the yield decreases dramatically when the mass to surface ratio increases
z54 -Natural radiative cooling is limited to between 25 and 150 W/m2 at night. After compensating for latent condensation heat, the ideal maximum yield could not be over 1 liter per sq. m. One acre could produce several hundred gallons each night. Thus, according to D. Beysens, et al., the ideal dew collector...
a polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium oxide that produces 100 ml/day on 1.44 sq. m. (Ref. 8-12)
-z55 -OPUR has developed a commercial model (CRSQ-250) that is available in a portable kit
Beysens, radiative aerial foil dew collector (10 x 3 m at a 30� angle) The collector faces west to allow dew recovery during the early morning, at which time atmospheric temperature is closest to the dew point. 0.1-0.4 liters/m2. from July-December 2000.
t17-z56 Israelis irrigated plants dew condensers constructed of polyethylene.and? foil condensers to irrigate saplings.
-t17z58z59 an underground air well using the ground as a heat sink:
pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface."
-t17z59
...The yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity, and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture.
- - - - main -cliped as red4need
- jump to content:
t14-z5z13-15: (notes2.txt)
greatest enemy is the wind since it heats the condensation surface. Inverted conical structures reminiscent of Zibold's condenser have recently been tested in Benin.
t15-z6 (notes3.txt)
walls are from 8 to 10 feet thick to prevent the heat radiation from the ground from influencing the inside temperature.
t15-z7
...a mushroom-like inner core of concrete...studded with rows of slates to increase the cooling surface....The air, chilled by the contact, gives up its moisture upon the slates. As it cools, it gets heavier and descends, finally leaving the chamber by way of the lower ducts. Meanwhile the moisture trickles from the slates and falls into a collecting basin at the bottom
t15-z8
10 x 10 x 8 ft, ...filled with pieces of limestone (5-10 cm) that condensed the atmospheric vapor and collected it in a reservoir...the condensing surface must be rough, and the surface tension sufficiently low that thecondensed water can drip. ...The low interior temperature is established by reradiation at night and by the lower temperature of the soil. Air flow was controlled by plugging or opening the vent holes as necessary...a pile of sea pebbles(10-40 cm diam.), 20 meters in diameter and 1.15 meters high. The construction yielded up to 360 liters/day ... The entrance pipe is 3-inch diameter PVC pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... A heat exchanger at or near subsurface temperature... is in air communication with the atmosphere for allowing atmospheric moisture-laden air to enter, pass through, cool, arrive at its dew point, allow the moisture to precipitate out, and allow the air to pass outward to the atmosphere again. Suitable apparatus may be provided to restrict air flow and allow sufficient residence time of the air in the heat exchanger to allow sufficient precipitation...This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface
t15-z9 ...a cyclone separator to precipitate dust before the air enters the pipe. In addition, a flow restrictor device can beinstalled before the exit port...yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity, and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture. Acoustic resonance, or a fan? within the pipes might enhance condensation. The more recent invention of acoustic refrigeration could be used to advantage, as well as the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube...
t15-z10
saline...The residual brine also is of great value to chemical industry and in the construction of solar ponds...
the whole idea:
It is known that for a given temperature a given volume of air may not contain more than a certain quantity of water vapor. When it contains this quantity it is said to have reached its saturation point. Moreover, this point varies with the temperature, and the cooler the air, the less water vapor it may contain for a given volume."Consequently, when a relatively warm volume of moist air is cooled to a sufficiently low temperature, it yields the water it contained in excess over the quantity permitted by
the saturation point at the temperature to which it has been cooled."...
need:
-In a continuous process of producing fresh water, it is necessary to absorb the heat derived from the warm moist air at a speed corresponding to the rate of cooling..."Coanda recommended that the condenser be buried so the earth could absorb the heat:"For example, one cubic meter of air from a wind whose temperature is about 40oC can contain up to about 50 grams of water vapor; if the wind is forced to enter a certain space by passing along... a radiator in which a fluid circulates at the temperature existing 7 or 8 meters below the round level, that is of about 11oC, this wind will immediately precipitate on the radiator walls the portion of the water content which is in excess of that permitted by its saturation point at the cooler temperature, that is, about 40 grams per cubic meter of air, as the saturation point of air at 11oC is 10 grams per cubic meter. The heat given off, which must be carried away by the fluid in the radiator, represents approximately 32 calories for said one cubic meter of air...
t15-z14 humidity boost:
It is advisable to pass the fluid through a second radiator of larger dimension disposed in the ground at a certain depth."If the humidity of the warm air is definitely below 50 grams of water per cubic meter, that is, if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining fresh
water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for spraying sea water into the warm air in fine droplets, thereby increasing the amount of water contained in the warm air through the partial evaporation of the sea water thereinto.."(Figures 5, 6)00800000.gif + 9 graph+windmill?
- - t17-z36,38,45,52 (airwellsm.txt)
t17-z36z37z38z39
10,000 feet square and 30-40 feet tall, on hilltops...remains of 3-inch diameter terracotta pipes about the piles, leading to wells and fountins in the city,....condenser was surrounded by a 1-meter wall, 20 meters wide, around a bowl-shaped collection area with drainage. He used sea stones (10-40 cm diameter) piled 6 meters high in a truncated cone that was 8 meters diameter across the top. It began to operate in 1912 with a maximum daily production of 360 liters....working on a large scale, due to a fortuitous combination of circumstances. The shape of the stone pile allowed sufficient radiative cooling with only minimal thermal contact between the stones. Thus the ratio of condensation mass to surface area was sufficient to enable dew to condense within the pile.
the three: temp. pressure. humidity (one changed effects the other two)...The term Relative Humidity (RH) is the ration of the partial pressure and saturation pressure: HR = p/ps. The saturation pressure and the carrying capacity of air increases with the air temperature and pressure.
z40 -When a suitable substrate is available and its temperature is below the dew point, dew can form and be collected. The substrate can be cooled to various degrees by radiation or conduction to the ground or atmosphere, best during the night. The process of cooling by radiation is of course inhibited during daylight hours. The process of condensation releases latent heat which must be dissipated.
z41 -With suchc principles in mind, the Belgian inventor Achille Knapen built an air well
knapens airwell explained: t17- z42-z45
Chaptal's Air Well exp:t17z45-z46
z47
Maimonides, a Spaniard who wrote in the Arabic language about 1,000 years ago. In his description of Palestine, Maimonides mentions the use of water condensers there.
t17-z48
wolf Klaphake summarized his own experiments as follows:
z48 "A better method consisted in selecting a mountain slope, smoothing it with cementitious or other material apt to make the surface watertight, and covering it with an insulating material, so that the cover formed over the area a canopy or roof which was supported by pillars or ridges. The sides of the canopy were closed, whereas the upper and lower ends were left open by constructing holes or vents to allow the air to pass under the roof. This construction proved to be very successful, as the cooling surface of the inner part was highly effective. The disadvantage was that the structure was very expensive, and so a return was made to the block house type.
wolf 2
z49 "Many types of building were tried, but that finally adopted was a sugarloaf- shaped building, about 50 ft high, with walls at least 6 ft thick, with holes on the top and at the bottom, the inner surface being enlarged by a network of walls of a material with great surface. The outer wall is made of concrete to be able to take up a great amount of thermal units, the inner surface consists of sandstone or any other porous material. z15 The building produces water during the day and cools itself during the night; when the sun rises, the warm air is drawn through the upper holes into the building by the out-flowing cooler air, becomes cooled on the cold surface, deposits its water, which then oozes down and is collected somewhere underneath. It is wrong to think that this process works only on days with dew, as the inner surface becomes much cooler than one should expect. In Dalmatia, that day was a rare exception which failed to produce water.
t17-z50 priciple and conclusion:
z50 "The essential principle in obtaining water from the air has thus been shown to be - -- a great water condensing surface which must be well protected against the heat of the sun and at the same time it is necessary that the air should pass to the condensing surface slowly, in order that it may cool properly and so deposit its water. The conclusion of this is --- that a big heap of stones would do the same thing as the above-described buildings." (Ref. 6)
t17-z51
z51 Oleg Bernikov received Russian Patent # 2,190,448 for an "Independent Complex for Separating Moisture from Air", for use near seas. The construction contains two levels of pebbles separated by a water-permeable floor...(explained)sun-heated suction pipes.
t17-z52-z56
z52 -Two main forms of dew condensers have been developed. The first is characterized as massive (such as the designs by Klaphake and Zibold), which maintain a fairly constant temperature by producing very high specific heat. non- profit International Organization For Dew Utilization (OPUR), shows best materials for the collection of atmospheric humidity should be light weight, thermally insulated radiative condensers that radiate heat quickly. materials available til recently.
z53 -Nikolayev, have shown that for massive dew collectors, which "produce very high specific heat to maintain their temperature as constant as possible despite latent condensation heat levels" (2500 Joules per gram at 20� C), and "taking into account the different exchanges between the foundation? and the atmosphere... the yield decreases dramatically when the mass to surface ratio increases". (Ref. 7)
z54 -Natural radiative cooling is limited to between 25 and 150 W/m2 at night. After compensating for latent condensation heat, the ideal maximum yield could not be over 1 liter per sq. m. One acre could produce several hundred gallons each night. Thus, according to D. Beysens, the ideal dew collector would be a "radiative aerial condenser", M. Nilsson, tested a polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium oxide that produces 100 ml/day on 1.44 sq. m. (Ref. 8-12)
z55 -OPUR has developed a commercial model (CRSQ-250) that is available in a portable kit which includes a foldable condenser, operating manual, a computer program for data recording, 30-days technical assistance.
Beysens, et al., have constructed an experimental radiative aerial foil dew collector (10 x 3 m at a 30� angle) at the Vignola lab, The collector faces west to allow dew recovery during the early morning, at which time atmospheric temperature is closest to dew point. The system collected 0.1-0.4 liters/m2. from July-December ,Figure 25 ~ FogQuest Dew Collector (Vignola, Corsica):
z56 -1960s, Israelis irrigated plants ,dew condensers ,of polyethylene. 1980s specially prepared foil condensers to irrigate saplings. (Refs. 13, 14)
t17-z57 Going under-ground:
z57 Sahara Desert, miles of underground passages called "foggaras" , dug into the sides of mountains. The tunnels connect with the surface through an air vent every 75 feet or so, serving to collect humidity and seepage. Similar in Afghanistan, and have served to hide the movement of troops from observation by Soviets and Americans.
-Calice Courneya device explained
t17z58z59 an underground air well (USP # 4,351,651)using the ground as a heat sink:
-"The air well is buried about 9 feet deep. The entrance pipe is 3-inch diameter PVC pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface." (explained z59)
t17z60 inhancements:
z60 -Acoustic resonance within the pipes might enhance condensation. ,acoustic refrigeration could be used to advantage, the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube. Oscar Blomgren's Electrostatic Cooling (USP # 3,224,492 and # 3,872,917) , simplicity and high efficiency. Passive solar-heated water-ammonia intermittent absorption refrigeration also could augment the yield of water in a desert environment.
z61 -Courneya's design is similar to Walter Rogers' earlier USP # 4,234,037, issued for an "Underground Heating and Cooling System", which includes a water trap. (Figure 28)Figure 28 ~ Walters' USP # 4,234,037:
z62-In the 1950s, the French inventor Henri Coanda designed an elegant method to desalinate water in Morocco (USP #2,803,591). He built a silo with reflective walls, mounted several inches over a tidal pool, angled so as to catch and multiply the sunlight, thus superheating the air in the chimney. The rising hot air drew in cold air from the bottom, and became super-saturated with moisture by the time it reached the top. Pure water flowed from the condensers there. The residual brine also is of great value to chemical industry and in the construction of solar ponds. The French government forced Coanda to cease operations because his device threatened their monopoly on salt production. (Figure 29)Figure 29 ~ Coanda's USP # 2,803,591:
z63 -Coanda also received USP # 2,761,292 for his "Device for Obtaining Drinkable Water" from the saturated air of sea coasts. He recommended that the condenser be buried so the earth could absorb the heat through a double radiator:
-"For example, one cubic meter of air from a wind whose temperature is about 40o C can contain up to about 50 grams of water vapor; if the wind is forced to enter a certain space by passing along... a radiator in which a fluid circulates at the temperature existing 7 or 8 meters below the round level, that is of about 11o C, this wind will immediately precipitate on the radiator walls the portion of the water content which is in excess of that permitted by its saturation point at the cooler temperature, that is, about 40 grams per cubic meter of air, as the saturation point of air at 11o C is 10 grams per cubic meter. The heat given off, which must be carried away by the fluid in the radiator, represents approximately 32 calories for said one cubic meter of air... It is advisable to pass the fluid through a second radiator of larger dimension disposed in the ground at a certain depth.
z64 -"If the humidity of the warm air is definitely below 50 grams of water per cubic meter, that is, if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining fresh water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for spraying sea water into the warm air in fine droplets, thereby increasing the amount of water contained in the warm air through the partial evaporation of the sea water thereinto." (Figures 30 & 31)Figure 30 ~ Water in Air:Figure 31 ~ Coanda's Air Well:
z65 -Seawater as a coolant; deep-sea water (at 4.5� C from 500 meters) pumped to cool a heat exchanger which is humidified with seawater and exposed to air currents. Such a system is installed at the Ukraine Maritime Hydrophysics Institute. It requires, however, several KW/m2/day to operate. Wave-power pumps could be implemented to eliminate the associated fuel costs. (Refs. 16, 17)
z66 -dehumidify the air to produce potable water, but they all require electrical power. Soviet space station Mir, The Aqua-Cycle, invented by William Madison, marketed since 1992. resembles a drinking fountain , contains a refrigerated dehumidifier and a triple-purification system (carbon, deionization, and UV light)... water as pure as triple-distilled. At... (80o/60% humidity) 5 gallons daily (US Patents # 6,644,060 ~ # 6,490,879). sold by Vapair Technologies, Inc. www.vapair.com ; 1- 866-233-0296)Figure 32 ~ "Vap-Air" Humidity Condenser:US Patents,Francis Forsberg's European Patent # EP 1,142... a similar system. patents, dehumidifiers, the thermoelectric Peltier Effect: USP # 2,779,172, # 2,919,553, #-more
z67 -Another method: dessicants
use of hygroscopic dessicants such as silica gel or zeolite. The dessicant is regenerated by heating and the water vapor is condensed. The considerable energy requirements for such systems can be ameliorated by solar-heated intermittent absorption or zeolite refrigeration systems such as have been developed in recent years. patents (www.rexresearch.com/ airwell2/airwell2.htm and .../interefr/ patents.htm ): US Patent # 2,more
-
focus of project1.txt is 5-06\g1 pics only, the four.
how to study:
1.collect data, 2.mix info, 3.text resulting ideas
3.break idea into parts, un-mix words, 1.explain parts.
key words:
dehumidifer condenser, airwell dewpond fog-fence, evaporate condense air-condition car-parts refridgeration concept ,thermally-insulated radiative ,specific heat , latent condensation heat, joules gram,collector, polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium-oxide, maximum-yield, faces west,morning-time, atmospheric-temperature, is closest to the dew-point, July-December
key concepts or principle:
-substrate can be cooled to various degrees by radiation or conduction,
-t17-z50 priciple and conclusion?
a big heap of stones would do the same thing
- how does vicktor schauberger concepts relate?
-t17-z51 sun-heated suction pipes.
-Two main forms of dew condensers have been developed. t17-z52-z56
1.massive and 2.light weight, thermally insulated radiative condensers that radiate heat quickly.
-t17-z53
massive dew collectors,"produce very high specific heat to maintain their temperature as constant as possible despite latent condensation heat levels" (2500 Joules per gram at 20� C),
exchanges between the foundation? and the atmosphere... the yield decreases dramatically when the mass to surface ratio increases
z54 -Natural radiative cooling is limited to between 25 and 150 W/m2 at night. After compensating for latent condensation heat, the ideal maximum yield could not be over 1 liter per sq. m. One acre could produce several hundred gallons each night. Thus, according to D. Beysens, et al., the ideal dew collector...
a polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium oxide that produces 100 ml/day on 1.44 sq. m. (Ref. 8-12)
-z55 -OPUR has developed a commercial model (CRSQ-250) that is available in a portable kit
Beysens, radiative aerial foil dew collector (10 x 3 m at a 30� angle) The collector faces west to allow dew recovery during the early morning, at which time atmospheric temperature is closest to the dew point. 0.1-0.4 liters/m2. from July-December 2000.
t17-z56 Israelis irrigated plants dew condensers constructed of polyethylene.and? foil condensers to irrigate saplings.
-t17z58z59 an underground air well using the ground as a heat sink:
pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface."
-t17z59
...The yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity, and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture.
- - - - main -cliped as red4need
- jump to content:
t14-z5z13-15: (notes2.txt)
greatest enemy is the wind since it heats the condensation surface. Inverted conical structures reminiscent of Zibold's condenser have recently been tested in Benin.
t15-z6 (notes3.txt)
walls are from 8 to 10 feet thick to prevent the heat radiation from the ground from influencing the inside temperature.
t15-z7
...a mushroom-like inner core of concrete...studded with rows of slates to increase the cooling surface....The air, chilled by the contact, gives up its moisture upon the slates. As it cools, it gets heavier and descends, finally leaving the chamber by way of the lower ducts. Meanwhile the moisture trickles from the slates and falls into a collecting basin at the bottom
t15-z8
10 x 10 x 8 ft, ...filled with pieces of limestone (5-10 cm) that condensed the atmospheric vapor and collected it in a reservoir...the condensing surface must be rough, and the surface tension sufficiently low that thecondensed water can drip. ...The low interior temperature is established by reradiation at night and by the lower temperature of the soil. Air flow was controlled by plugging or opening the vent holes as necessary...a pile of sea pebbles(10-40 cm diam.), 20 meters in diameter and 1.15 meters high. The construction yielded up to 360 liters/day ... The entrance pipe is 3-inch diameter PVC pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... A heat exchanger at or near subsurface temperature... is in air communication with the atmosphere for allowing atmospheric moisture-laden air to enter, pass through, cool, arrive at its dew point, allow the moisture to precipitate out, and allow the air to pass outward to the atmosphere again. Suitable apparatus may be provided to restrict air flow and allow sufficient residence time of the air in the heat exchanger to allow sufficient precipitation...This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface
t15-z9 ...a cyclone separator to precipitate dust before the air enters the pipe. In addition, a flow restrictor device can beinstalled before the exit port...yield depends on the amount of air and its relative and specific humidity, and the soil temperature, thermal conductivity, and moisture. Acoustic resonance, or a fan? within the pipes might enhance condensation. The more recent invention of acoustic refrigeration could be used to advantage, as well as the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube...
t15-z10
saline...The residual brine also is of great value to chemical industry and in the construction of solar ponds...
the whole idea:
It is known that for a given temperature a given volume of air may not contain more than a certain quantity of water vapor. When it contains this quantity it is said to have reached its saturation point. Moreover, this point varies with the temperature, and the cooler the air, the less water vapor it may contain for a given volume."Consequently, when a relatively warm volume of moist air is cooled to a sufficiently low temperature, it yields the water it contained in excess over the quantity permitted by
the saturation point at the temperature to which it has been cooled."...
need:
-In a continuous process of producing fresh water, it is necessary to absorb the heat derived from the warm moist air at a speed corresponding to the rate of cooling..."Coanda recommended that the condenser be buried so the earth could absorb the heat:"For example, one cubic meter of air from a wind whose temperature is about 40oC can contain up to about 50 grams of water vapor; if the wind is forced to enter a certain space by passing along... a radiator in which a fluid circulates at the temperature existing 7 or 8 meters below the round level, that is of about 11oC, this wind will immediately precipitate on the radiator walls the portion of the water content which is in excess of that permitted by its saturation point at the cooler temperature, that is, about 40 grams per cubic meter of air, as the saturation point of air at 11oC is 10 grams per cubic meter. The heat given off, which must be carried away by the fluid in the radiator, represents approximately 32 calories for said one cubic meter of air...
t15-z14 humidity boost:
It is advisable to pass the fluid through a second radiator of larger dimension disposed in the ground at a certain depth."If the humidity of the warm air is definitely below 50 grams of water per cubic meter, that is, if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining fresh
water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for spraying sea water into the warm air in fine droplets, thereby increasing the amount of water contained in the warm air through the partial evaporation of the sea water thereinto.."(Figures 5, 6)00800000.gif + 9 graph+windmill?
- - t17-z36,38,45,52 (airwellsm.txt)
t17-z36z37z38z39
10,000 feet square and 30-40 feet tall, on hilltops...remains of 3-inch diameter terracotta pipes about the piles, leading to wells and fountins in the city,....condenser was surrounded by a 1-meter wall, 20 meters wide, around a bowl-shaped collection area with drainage. He used sea stones (10-40 cm diameter) piled 6 meters high in a truncated cone that was 8 meters diameter across the top. It began to operate in 1912 with a maximum daily production of 360 liters....working on a large scale, due to a fortuitous combination of circumstances. The shape of the stone pile allowed sufficient radiative cooling with only minimal thermal contact between the stones. Thus the ratio of condensation mass to surface area was sufficient to enable dew to condense within the pile.
the three: temp. pressure. humidity (one changed effects the other two)...The term Relative Humidity (RH) is the ration of the partial pressure and saturation pressure: HR = p/ps. The saturation pressure and the carrying capacity of air increases with the air temperature and pressure.
z40 -When a suitable substrate is available and its temperature is below the dew point, dew can form and be collected. The substrate can be cooled to various degrees by radiation or conduction to the ground or atmosphere, best during the night. The process of cooling by radiation is of course inhibited during daylight hours. The process of condensation releases latent heat which must be dissipated.
z41 -With suchc principles in mind, the Belgian inventor Achille Knapen built an air well
knapens airwell explained: t17- z42-z45
Chaptal's Air Well exp:t17z45-z46
z47
Maimonides, a Spaniard who wrote in the Arabic language about 1,000 years ago. In his description of Palestine, Maimonides mentions the use of water condensers there.
t17-z48
wolf Klaphake summarized his own experiments as follows:
z48 "A better method consisted in selecting a mountain slope, smoothing it with cementitious or other material apt to make the surface watertight, and covering it with an insulating material, so that the cover formed over the area a canopy or roof which was supported by pillars or ridges. The sides of the canopy were closed, whereas the upper and lower ends were left open by constructing holes or vents to allow the air to pass under the roof. This construction proved to be very successful, as the cooling surface of the inner part was highly effective. The disadvantage was that the structure was very expensive, and so a return was made to the block house type.
wolf 2
z49 "Many types of building were tried, but that finally adopted was a sugarloaf- shaped building, about 50 ft high, with walls at least 6 ft thick, with holes on the top and at the bottom, the inner surface being enlarged by a network of walls of a material with great surface. The outer wall is made of concrete to be able to take up a great amount of thermal units, the inner surface consists of sandstone or any other porous material. z15 The building produces water during the day and cools itself during the night; when the sun rises, the warm air is drawn through the upper holes into the building by the out-flowing cooler air, becomes cooled on the cold surface, deposits its water, which then oozes down and is collected somewhere underneath. It is wrong to think that this process works only on days with dew, as the inner surface becomes much cooler than one should expect. In Dalmatia, that day was a rare exception which failed to produce water.
t17-z50 priciple and conclusion:
z50 "The essential principle in obtaining water from the air has thus been shown to be - -- a great water condensing surface which must be well protected against the heat of the sun and at the same time it is necessary that the air should pass to the condensing surface slowly, in order that it may cool properly and so deposit its water. The conclusion of this is --- that a big heap of stones would do the same thing as the above-described buildings." (Ref. 6)
t17-z51
z51 Oleg Bernikov received Russian Patent # 2,190,448 for an "Independent Complex for Separating Moisture from Air", for use near seas. The construction contains two levels of pebbles separated by a water-permeable floor...(explained)sun-heated suction pipes.
t17-z52-z56
z52 -Two main forms of dew condensers have been developed. The first is characterized as massive (such as the designs by Klaphake and Zibold), which maintain a fairly constant temperature by producing very high specific heat. non- profit International Organization For Dew Utilization (OPUR), shows best materials for the collection of atmospheric humidity should be light weight, thermally insulated radiative condensers that radiate heat quickly. materials available til recently.
z53 -Nikolayev, have shown that for massive dew collectors, which "produce very high specific heat to maintain their temperature as constant as possible despite latent condensation heat levels" (2500 Joules per gram at 20� C), and "taking into account the different exchanges between the foundation? and the atmosphere... the yield decreases dramatically when the mass to surface ratio increases". (Ref. 7)
z54 -Natural radiative cooling is limited to between 25 and 150 W/m2 at night. After compensating for latent condensation heat, the ideal maximum yield could not be over 1 liter per sq. m. One acre could produce several hundred gallons each night. Thus, according to D. Beysens, the ideal dew collector would be a "radiative aerial condenser", M. Nilsson, tested a polyethylene film containing micro-particles of titanium oxide that produces 100 ml/day on 1.44 sq. m. (Ref. 8-12)
z55 -OPUR has developed a commercial model (CRSQ-250) that is available in a portable kit which includes a foldable condenser, operating manual, a computer program for data recording, 30-days technical assistance.
Beysens, et al., have constructed an experimental radiative aerial foil dew collector (10 x 3 m at a 30� angle) at the Vignola lab, The collector faces west to allow dew recovery during the early morning, at which time atmospheric temperature is closest to dew point. The system collected 0.1-0.4 liters/m2. from July-December ,Figure 25 ~ FogQuest Dew Collector (Vignola, Corsica):
z56 -1960s, Israelis irrigated plants ,dew condensers ,of polyethylene. 1980s specially prepared foil condensers to irrigate saplings. (Refs. 13, 14)
t17-z57 Going under-ground:
z57 Sahara Desert, miles of underground passages called "foggaras" , dug into the sides of mountains. The tunnels connect with the surface through an air vent every 75 feet or so, serving to collect humidity and seepage. Similar in Afghanistan, and have served to hide the movement of troops from observation by Soviets and Americans.
-Calice Courneya device explained
t17z58z59 an underground air well (USP # 4,351,651)using the ground as a heat sink:
-"The air well is buried about 9 feet deep. The entrance pipe is 3-inch diameter PVC pipe (10 ft long), terminating just near the ground... This is an advantage because the greatest humidity in the atmosphere is near the surface." (explained z59)
t17z60 inhancements:
z60 -Acoustic resonance within the pipes might enhance condensation. ,acoustic refrigeration could be used to advantage, the Hilsch-Ranque vortex tube. Oscar Blomgren's Electrostatic Cooling (USP # 3,224,492 and # 3,872,917) , simplicity and high efficiency. Passive solar-heated water-ammonia intermittent absorption refrigeration also could augment the yield of water in a desert environment.
z61 -Courneya's design is similar to Walter Rogers' earlier USP # 4,234,037, issued for an "Underground Heating and Cooling System", which includes a water trap. (Figure 28)Figure 28 ~ Walters' USP # 4,234,037:
z62-In the 1950s, the French inventor Henri Coanda designed an elegant method to desalinate water in Morocco (USP #2,803,591). He built a silo with reflective walls, mounted several inches over a tidal pool, angled so as to catch and multiply the sunlight, thus superheating the air in the chimney. The rising hot air drew in cold air from the bottom, and became super-saturated with moisture by the time it reached the top. Pure water flowed from the condensers there. The residual brine also is of great value to chemical industry and in the construction of solar ponds. The French government forced Coanda to cease operations because his device threatened their monopoly on salt production. (Figure 29)Figure 29 ~ Coanda's USP # 2,803,591:
z63 -Coanda also received USP # 2,761,292 for his "Device for Obtaining Drinkable Water" from the saturated air of sea coasts. He recommended that the condenser be buried so the earth could absorb the heat through a double radiator:
-"For example, one cubic meter of air from a wind whose temperature is about 40o C can contain up to about 50 grams of water vapor; if the wind is forced to enter a certain space by passing along... a radiator in which a fluid circulates at the temperature existing 7 or 8 meters below the round level, that is of about 11o C, this wind will immediately precipitate on the radiator walls the portion of the water content which is in excess of that permitted by its saturation point at the cooler temperature, that is, about 40 grams per cubic meter of air, as the saturation point of air at 11o C is 10 grams per cubic meter. The heat given off, which must be carried away by the fluid in the radiator, represents approximately 32 calories for said one cubic meter of air... It is advisable to pass the fluid through a second radiator of larger dimension disposed in the ground at a certain depth.
z64 -"If the humidity of the warm air is definitely below 50 grams of water per cubic meter, that is, if the air is far from its saturation limit, and if the device for obtaining fresh water is disposed near the sea, it is possible to use [windmills] for spraying sea water into the warm air in fine droplets, thereby increasing the amount of water contained in the warm air through the partial evaporation of the sea water thereinto." (Figures 30 & 31)Figure 30 ~ Water in Air:Figure 31 ~ Coanda's Air Well:
z65 -Seawater as a coolant; deep-sea water (at 4.5� C from 500 meters) pumped to cool a heat exchanger which is humidified with seawater and exposed to air currents. Such a system is installed at the Ukraine Maritime Hydrophysics Institute. It requires, however, several KW/m2/day to operate. Wave-power pumps could be implemented to eliminate the associated fuel costs. (Refs. 16, 17)
z66 -dehumidify the air to produce potable water, but they all require electrical power. Soviet space station Mir, The Aqua-Cycle, invented by William Madison, marketed since 1992. resembles a drinking fountain , contains a refrigerated dehumidifier and a triple-purification system (carbon, deionization, and UV light)... water as pure as triple-distilled. At... (80o/60% humidity) 5 gallons daily (US Patents # 6,644,060 ~ # 6,490,879). sold by Vapair Technologies, Inc. www.vapair.com ; 1- 866-233-0296)Figure 32 ~ "Vap-Air" Humidity Condenser:US Patents,Francis Forsberg's European Patent # EP 1,142... a similar system. patents, dehumidifiers, the thermoelectric Peltier Effect: USP # 2,779,172, # 2,919,553, #-more
z67 -Another method: dessicants
use of hygroscopic dessicants such as silica gel or zeolite. The dessicant is regenerated by heating and the water vapor is condensed. The considerable energy requirements for such systems can be ameliorated by solar-heated intermittent absorption or zeolite refrigeration systems such as have been developed in recent years. patents (www.rexresearch.com/ airwell2/airwell2.htm and .../interefr/ patents.htm ): US Patent # 2,more
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posted by Arise! at 11:29 AM
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